Level dalam Penerjemahan oleh Newmark

Hal yang terpenting kita ketahui bahwa dalam
penerjemahan terdapat berbagai alternatif-alternatif terjemahan dari sebuah
teks bahasa sumber. Alternatif-alternatif yang dipilih tersebut tentu harus
memenuhi  syarat sebagai sebuah terjemahan yang baik dan benar, seperti
dibahas dalam modul Saudara serta 4 level dalam penerjemahan yang dikemukakan
oleh Newmark yang kami kutip di bawah ini.

1. The textual level (the level of the source text).
At this level, you translate, or transpose, the syntactic structures of the
source text into corresponding structures in the target text. Often you will
find that, for a variety of reasons, you will have to change these structures
into something quite different further down the line to achieve target.

2. The referential level.
As mentioned above, this is the level of content, so here you operate primarily
with the message (or information) or semantics of the text. This is where you
decode the meaning of the source text and build the conceptual presentation.
This is where you disambiguate polysemous words and phrases and where you
decode idioms and figurative expressions. This is where you figure out whether
what the locution(s) and illocution(s) of the source text are and what the
perlocution might be. Once you have decoded the word or expression in question,
you encode it into an appropriate target language expression. Note that there
will be cases, like idioms and metaphors, in which you will have to use literal
expressions in the target language, because it does not have any corresponding
idioms or metaphors. The referential level and the textual level are, of
course, closely intertwined, as the nature and texture of the source text
conveys the message, and, of course, you also encode the message, using
language, into the target text

3. The cohesive level.
The cohesive level links the textual and the referential levels in that it
deals with the structure/format of the text and information as well as with
what Newmark calls the mood of the text (let us call it the tone instead so as
not to confuse it with grammatical mood). At the structural sublevel, you
investigate how various connectors, such as conjunctions, enumerations,
repetitions or reiterations, definite articles and determiners, general
category labels synonyms, punctuation marks, simple or complex conjuncts, link
sentences and structure the textand  what Newmark calls its train of
thought – which is basically its underlying information structure. You establish
its tone by finding so-called value-laden and value-free passages, such as
subjective and objective bits, euphemisms, and other framing devices, framing
being the strategy of linguistically presenting something in the perspective of
one’s own values and worldview, in a way promoting these. All of this will have
to be somehow transferred into the target text so you achieve maximal
equivalence at this level to.

4. The level of naturalness
This level is target text oriented, focusing exclusively on the construction of
the target text. What is important here is that: the target text makes sense;
the target text reads naturally like any other text composed in the target
language. This is apparently more difficult than one might expect, because one
tends to reproduce a lot of grammatical structures, phrases and wordings which
are natural in the source language but, while possible in the target language,
which do not feel natural as such in the target language. Newmark lists some
typical problem areas here: word order; one-to-one translation making common
structures seem unnatural; false friends (cognate words, participles,
infinitives and nominalizations.