Last Updated on 15.08.2026 by Zulfahmi M
MORPHOLOGYLiterally
means the study of forms
MORPHEME
TYPE OF MORPHEMES
Supra-segmental
phonemes
Combination
of segmental and supra-segmental phonemes
BOUND vs FREE MORPHEME
Free
morphemes
ROOTS vs NON-ROOTS
ROOTS vs STEMS
INFLECTIONAL vs DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES
Derivational
morphemes
Inflectional
morphemes
means the study of forms
Acc. to
Godby et.al
Godby et.al
→ the
study of the way in which words are constructed out of smaller meaningful unit
study of the way in which words are constructed out of smaller meaningful unit
Acc. to
Nida
Nida
→ the
study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words
study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words
Acc. to
Matthew
Matthew
→ branch
of linguistics concern with the form of words in different uses and
construction
of linguistics concern with the form of words in different uses and
construction
MORPHEME
→ a
smallest part and meaningful
smallest part and meaningful
acc. to Bloomfield
→ a
linguistic form that bears no partial phonetic-semantic resemblance
linguistic form that bears no partial phonetic-semantic resemblance
Not
identical with syllable
identical with syllable
TYPE OF MORPHEMES
Morphemes
may be composed of
may be composed of
Segmental
phonemes
phonemes
e.g: ship
Supra-segmental
phonemes
e.g: the sentence-final glides that
follow the last intonationally stressed
syllable
follow the last intonationally stressed
syllable
Combination
of segmental and supra-segmental phonemes
e.g: boy, girl, goulash, purchase
BOUND vs FREE MORPHEME
Bound
morphemes
morphemes
→
morphemes that can not normally stand alone
morphemes that can not normally stand alone
e.g: re-, -ist, -ed, -s
Free
morphemes
→
morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words
morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words
e.g: open, tour, tree
ROOTS vs NON-ROOTS
Roots
→ constitutes the nuclei (core/central
part) of all words
e.g:
part) of all words
e.g:
- friendly, agreement,
dishonesty - single word:
blackbird, overtake - the word cran- in cranberry doesn’t
constitute the nucleus of any other words but it occurs in the position
occupied by roots like blueberry, redberry, strawberry
Roots
can become non-roots and vice versa
can become non-roots and vice versa
e.g: -ism in pragmatism,
communism
communism
Full
root: I’m disgusted with all these isms
root: I’m disgusted with all these isms
ROOTS vs STEMS
A stem
→
composed of:
composed of:
a.
nucleus consisting of 1 or more roots
nucleus consisting of 1 or more roots
b.
Nucleus plus any other non-root
Nucleus plus any other non-root
e.g:
- man in the word manly is root and stem
- breakwater is the stem of breakwaters and 2 roots (break and water)
NURCLEI vs NON-NUCLEI
The
nucleus of a morphological construction consists of a root or a
combination of root
nucleus of a morphological construction consists of a root or a
combination of root
The non
nucleus consists of non roots
nucleus consists of non roots
e.g: boy
ishness
ishness
nucleus
non-nucleus
non-nucleus
INFLECTIONAL vs DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES
Derivational
morphemes
→ morpheme
which derive or create new words by changing the meaning or part of speech
which derive or create new words by changing the meaning or part of speech
e.g:
-ness in happiness
-ness in happiness
Inflectional
morphemes
→ change
neither the meaning or part of speech but give additional information
neither the meaning or part of speech but give additional information
e.g: -s in cats
(Sumber: Catatan Materi Kuliah English Morphology UT)
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