Conjunction (kata penghubung) adalah kata yang menghubungkan kata-kata, bagian-bagian kalimat untuk menghubungkan kalimat dengan kalimat. Conjunction atau konjungsi dapat di artikan sebagai kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan kata-kata, frasa atau klausa dalam sebuah kalimat.
Dalam tata bahasa Inggris, conjunction dibedakan menjadi dua golongan yaitu coordinate conjunction dan subordinate conjunction.
1. Coordinate Conjunction
Coordinate conjunction (kata penghubung koordonat) adalah kata penghubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua buah klausa yang sederajat atau setera. Yang termasuk dalam kata penghubung ini adalah:
- and (dan)
- but (tetapi)
- yet (namun)
- or (atau / untuk kelimat positif)
- nor (atau / untuk kalimat negatif)
- for (karena)
- yet (namun)
- either ... or ... (... atau ...)
- both ... and ... (baik ... maupun ... , ... dan juga ...)
- neither ... nor ... (baik ... maupun ... tidak / tidak ... dan tidak juga ...)
- not only ... but also ... (tidak hanya ... tetapi juga ...)
- not only ... but ... as well (tidak hanya ... tetapi juga ...)
Exercise 001#: Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunction for the parenthesis. Do as example:
- She has been nominated, ......... I hope she will withdraw. (but, or, yet)
- She has been nominated but I hope she will withdraw.
- My car has radio, ............ a CD player. (but, or, and)
- Sharon hates to listen to rap music, ........... will she tolerate heavy metal. (but, nor, or)
- Coral wanted to drive to Colorado, ............ Bill insisted that they fly. (and, or, but)
- I'm afraid of heights, ............ I appreciate the view from the top of this building. (and, yet, nor)
- I have to be on time, .......... my boss will be annoyed of I'm late. (and, nor, for)
- Do you like chocolate, ........... vanilla ice cream better? (or, nor, and)
- I have to go to work at six, ............ I'm waking up to four. (but, so, yet)
- I was on time, ............ everyone else was late. (so, but, for)
- Nadia doesn't like to drive, ............. she takes the bus everywhere. (but, yet, so)
- Our trip to the museum was interesting, ........... there were several new artifact or display. (but, for, yet)
2. Subordinate Conjunction
Subordinate conjunction (kata penghubung subordinat) adalah kata yang menghubungkan dua kalimat yang tidak sederajat. Dua kalimat tersebut masing-masing berkedudukan sebagai anak kalimat dan induk kalimat.
Perhatikan kalimat berikut:
- I cannot take all the blame, although I will accept partial responsibility.
- They arrived in our town before the others did.
Yang termasuk dalam subordinate conjunction adalah:
- after (setelah, sesudah)
- although (walaupun, meskipun, kendatipun)
- though (walaupun, meskipun, kendatipun)
- as (karena)
- because (karena)
- before (sebelum)
- if (jika, kalau, seaindainya)
- since (sejak, karena)
- that (bahwa)
- till (hingga sampai)
- until (hingga, sampai)
- when (bilamana, ketika, bila)
- whenever (bilamana)
- while (sedang, walaupun, sementara)
- after all (bagaimanapun juga)
- all the same (namun, meskipun begitu)
- as if (seolah-olah)
- accordingly (menurut)
- besides (disamping, meskipun)
- consequently (dari itu)
- even (bahkan)
- even if (sehingga)
- for (sebab)
- furthermore (lagi pula)
- hence (karena itu)
- in as (selamanya)
- an case (dalam hal, jika seandainya)
- in order that (supaya, agar)
- in the meantime (sementara itu)
- however (bagaimanapun, tetapi)
- moreover (lagi pula, meskipun)
- nevertheless (namun begitu)
- namely (yaitu)
- lest (supaya tidak, agar tidak)
- on the contrary (sebaliknya)
- otherwise (kalau tidak, jika tidak)
- provided that (asal jangan, asal saja)
- so (jadi, maka, sehingga, demikian)
- so that (supaya)
- then (lalu, kemudian)
- therefore (sebab itu, karena itu, maka dari itu)
- whereas (melainkan, padahal, sedangkan)
- where (dimana)
- wherefor (oleh sebab itu, mengapa, untuk apa)
- whence (dari mana)
- wherever (ke manapun, dimanapun)
- as long as (selama)
- as soon as (segera setelah)
- also, too (juga)
- eventhough (meskipun)
Exercise 002#: Complete each sentence using the subordinating conjunction from the parenthesis. Do as example:
- I will take care of her ......... the doctor has gone. (after, before, when)
- I will take care of her after the doctor has gone.
- I visit the Gran Canyon .......... I got to Arizona. (one, whenever, wherever)
- This is the place ......... we stayed last time we visited. (where, when, how)
- .......... you win first place, you will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
- You won't pass the test ......... you study. (as, though, when)
- I could not get a seat, ........... I came early. (as, though, when)
- We are leaving Wednesday ........... or not it rains. (if, whether, though)
- pay attention to your work .......... you will not make mistake. (so, that, unless, or)
- The musicians delivered as rousing performance .......... they had rehearsed often. (though, as, once)
- She's honest ............... everyone trust her. (if, so, when)
- Write this to down ............. you forget. (or, when, lest)
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